Map of Sphacteria. According to Pausanias (c. 2nd century AD), the Battle of Leuctra was the most decisive battle ever fought by Greeks against Greeks. [12], Seeing their right wing beaten, the rest of the Peloponnesians, who were essentially unwilling participants, retired and left the enemy in possession of the field. [2] The Theban victory shattered Sparta's immense influence over the Greek peninsula, which Sparta had gained long before its victory in the Peloponnesian War a generation earlier. The infantry would advance together so that the attack flowed unbroken against their enemy. [4] (According to Xenophon, the Thebans signed as "the Thebans", and asked the next day to change their signature to "the Boeotians", but one of the Spartan kings, Agesilaus II, would not allow it. Map of A map of the Battle of Leuctra, 371 BC, between the Thebans and the Spartans in Boeotia, Greece, showing the military positions, and suggesting the need for innovative tactics by the Thebans to defeat the militarily superior Spartans. At first they held their ground but finally they were overwhelmed and the unthinkable happened. BATTLE OF LEUCTRA – TRIUMPH OF TACTICS . Many innovations of Philip and Alexander are traced to this battle. No need to register, buy now! The Spartan allied cavalry retreated and sent the Spartan force in some disarray and they had to disperce to let the cavalry pass through them. Fought in Boeotia, Greece, the Battle of Leuctra made Thebes the leading military power among the Greek city-states, ending the long dominance of Sparta. We are now World History Encyclopedia to better reflect the breadth of our non-profit organization's mission. Readers Comments (2) Louis Dorso October 24, 2016 @ 11:06 pm. Ancient History Encyclopedia has a new name! They would not fight the famous Spartans as the Thebans disregarded tradition and positioned their allies troops at the most honorary (and less dangerous) right flank. However their allies had one thing in their favor. 11 relations: Battle of Leuctra, Boeotia, Cithaeron, Epaminondas, Greece, Kallikratis Plan, Kapodistrias reform, Plataies, Sparta, Spartan hegemony, Thebes, Greece. (George Beardoe), 1861-1948. Xenophon, in his account of the battle, suggests that this was because the Spartan allies were actually pleased to see their Lacedaemonian masters beaten by the upstart Thebans. Seeing their right wing beaten, the rest of the Peloponnesians (Spartan allies), retired and left the enemy in possession of the field. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. Whatever its motivation, the fact remains that the tactic did represent an innovation and was undoubtedly highly effective. A map of the area around the battle positions Battle of Leuctra summary The Battle of Leuctra (or Leuktra) was a battle fought on July 6, 371 BCE, between the Boeotians and other Theban allies and the Spartans along with their allies. The battle of Leuctra (371 BC) was the first major defeat suffered by the main Spartan hoplite army, and played a major part in the collapse of Spartan power after their triumph in the Great Peloponnesian War.. Map of ancient Boeotia showing the location of the city of Orchomenus. Stick your site up your rear end ! The infantry engaged, and the Thebans smashed the Spartan right wing. This means that their maintenance of a depth of eight to twelve shields had to come at the expense of either number of companies or their width. Spartan Society to the Battle of Leuctra 371 BC by Ken Webb "Everything you wanted to know about Spartan society to the Battle of Leuctra 371 BC, but were afraid to ask." Map Description Historical Map of Leuctra and Vicinity. If you have bookmarks or links to our site on your blog or website, … Illustrating the Battle of Leuctra - Initial Dispositions, 371 B.C. Battle of Leuctra, (6 July 371 bce). The use of these tactics by Epaminondas was, perhaps, a direct result of the use of some similar maneuvers by Pagondas, his countryman, during the Thebes, the mythical city of Oedipus, often gets a bad rep, mainly because it sided with the Persians during Xerxes’ invasion of Greece in 480-479. Map of Battle of Leuctra from the maps web site. It was also featured in the historical fiction graphic novel Serpent and Prey, which takes few creative liberties with the battle's portrayal. The battle's political effects were far-reaching: the losses in material strength and prestige (prestige being an inestimably important factor in the Peloponnesian War) sustained by the Spartans at Leuctra and subsequently at the Battle of Mantinea were key in depriving them forever of their supremacy in Greece. At this point the Theban left hit the Spartan right with the Sacred Band of Thebes, led by Pelopidas,[11] at its head. The Theban left hit the Spartan right with the Sacred Band of Thebes led by Pelopidas at its head. Battle of Leuctra. Map of ancient Boeotia showing the location of the city of Orchomenus. Tags: 300s BC, Ancient Era, Antigonids, Antigonus I, attack in oblique order, Diadochi Wars, Eumenes, Eumenids, infantry, land, light infantry, modern day Iran, Season 10, Second War of the Diadochi, war elephant, Western Asia. The normal practice of the Spartans (and, indeed, the Greeks in general) was to establish their heavily armed infantry in a solid mass, or phalanx, some eight to twelve men deep. battle of Leuctra synonyms, battle of Leuctra pronunciation, battle of Leuctra translation, English dictionary definition of battle of Leuctra. When Epaminondas came forward, asking to swear on behalf of the whole Boeotian League, the Spartans refused, saying he could swear as the representative of Thebes or not at all. The Battle of Leuctra (Λεῦκτρα, Leûktra) was a battle fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by Thebans and the Spartans along with their allies amidst the post-Corinthian War conflict. In “The Leuctra Mirage,” Hanson argues that the battle was not a masterpiece and that Epaminondas deserves less credit, emphasizing the intoxication of the Spartan soldiers and the simplicity of Epaminondas’ oblique attack formation (1990: 54-59). Episode 15 – BATTLE – The Battle of Leuctra – MAP Episode 16 – Ancient Greece: Classical Greek Culture – MAP Episode 17 – Ancient Greece: The Rise of Macedon – MAP Episode 18 – PROFILE – Alexander the Great – MAP Episode 19 – BATTLE – The Battle of Issus – MAP Episode 20 – BATTLE – The Battle of Gaugamela Episode 21 – Ancient Greece: The Diadochi – MAP Episode To know about the topography and geography of the area you are studyi… Article by Liviu Liv. BACKGROUND : In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization(The trojan war era greeks) to the Dorian invasions. Find the perfect leuctra stock photo. A map showing ancient Greece at the time of Theban hegemony, 371 BCE to 362 BCE. The battle was also featured in an episode of the BBC's Time Commanders. --Cover. Battle of Mantineia, 362 BC Battle of Leuctra, 371 BC Game Design: Roberto Chiavini Graphics Design: Bruce Yearian Two 11" x 17" maps | 4 page rules book | 1 Reference Card | Set of 14 Cards | 160 single sided unit counters : THE GLORY THAT WAS GREECE Volume 2: This is Sparta Battle of Nemea, 394 BC Battle of Coronea, 394 BC The Battle of Leuctra (Greek: Λεῦκτρα, Leûktra) was a battle fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by the Thebans, and the Spartans along with their allies[2] amidst the post-Corinthian War conflict. The Theban victory shattered Sparta's immense influence over the Greek peninsula, which Sparta had gained long before its victory in the Peloponnesian War a generation earlier. The battle also marked a revolutionary advance in battlefield tactics and demonstrated the effectiveness of homosexuality as a form of bonding for elite troops. Concentration of force, refused flank, and combined arms were tactics that they used in many of their battles. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. This Epaminondas refused. The battle is fictionalized, though in some detail, in David Gemmell's book, Lion of Macedon, which includes the significant deviation from historical canon in that it is credited to a young Parmenio(n) instead of Epaminondas, who serves merely to gain permission to carry out the echelon tactic. However the loss of men was so great that the Spartan king Archidamus (Sparta had two kings) decided to: let the laws go to sleep. Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. In order to combat the phalanx's famous right-hand drift, Greek commanders traditionally placed their most experienced, highly regarded and, generally, deadliest troops on the right wing, as this was the place of honor. The battle of Leuctra, fought between the forces of Sparta and the Boeotian League led by Thebes, in early July 371 BC, altered forever the map of ancient Greek history. The decisive engagement was then fought out between the Theban and Spartan infantry.[2]. Credits Courtesy of the United States Military Academy Department of History. The topography of the battle of Plataea: The city of Plataea. They did not intend to fight but the attack drove them back into the Theban army, inadvertently making the Theban force stronger.

The battle of Leuctra, fought in early July in 371 BC was one of the most important battles ever to be fought in the ancient world. )[5] In this, Sparta saw an opportunity to reassert its shaky authority in central Greece. Publication date 1989 Topics Plataea, Battle of, Plataiai, Greece, 479 B.C, Leuctra, Battle of, Greece, 371 B.C, Plataea Publisher London, J. [2] Initially, the Spartan infantry were sent into disarray when their retreating cavalry hopelessly disrupted Cleombrotus's attempt to outflank the Theban left column. Historians Victor Davis Hanson and Donald Kagan have argued that Epaminondas' oblique formation was not an intentional and preconceived innovation in infantry tactics, but was rather a clever response to circumstances. [9] For the Spartan side, most modern scholars favor Plutarch's figure of 10,000 in infantry and 1,000 cavalry. Hans Delbrück considered this to be a mere misreading of Plutarch. by Grundy, George Beardoe. This was considered to allow for the best balance between depth (the pushing power it provided) and width (i.e., area of coverage of the phalanx's front battle line). The camp followers were trying to leave the field. Literacy had been lost and political order vanished.From about the 9th century BC written records begin to … The field of Leuctra Item Preview > remove-circle Share or Embed This Item. The Battle of Leuctra (Greek: Λεῦκτρα, Leûktra) was a battle fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by the Thebans, and the Spartans along with their allies amidst the post-Corinthian War conflict. The city of Platæa: the field of Leuctra ... With maps and plans. LEUCTRA 371 BC – TRIUMPH OF TACTICS . … Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. [2], The arrival of a Thessalian army under Jason of Pherae[2] persuaded a relieving Spartan force under Archidamus not to heap folly on folly and to withdraw instead, while the Thebans were persuaded not to continue the attack on the surviving Spartans. According to Xenophon, the Boeotian camp followers were trying to leave the field, as they did not intend to fight; this Spartan action drove them back into the Theban army, inadvertently making the Theban force stronger. the Boeotarchs) present were divided as to whether to offer battle, with Epaminondas being the main advocate in favor of battle. The battle opened with the Spartans' mercenary peltasts attacking the Boeotian camp followers. The battle is also the subject of Victor Davis Hanson's 2011 historical fiction novel, The End of Sparta. Wargaming Leuctra. Cornelius Nepos: Lives of Eminent Commanders, Pelopidas, The History of the Art of War, Hans Delbrück p167, Greek Warfare, Myths and Realities, Hans van Wees p136, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Leuctra&oldid=1020651865, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 April 2021, at 08:41. In the Spartan battleplan, therefore, the hippeis (an elite force numbering 300 men) and the king of Sparta would stand on the right wing of the phalanx. Herodotus, the historian of the Persian Wars, could not hide his disdain f… They would face the dreaded Spartans and Epaminondas used new tactics to do it. The Spartan right retreated with great loss of men, including the king Cleombrotus I. It was a difficult decision because the Thebans were inferior in numbers and doubted the loyalty of their allies. The Spartan's usual twelve column deep formation could not sustain the heavy impact of their opponents' 50-deep column. [citation needed] Because Epaminondas had stacked his left wing to a depth of fifty shields, the rest of his units were naturally left with far fewer troops than normal. [2], Wilhelm Rüstow and Hermann Köchly, writing in the 19th century, believed that Pelopidas led the Sacred Band out from the column to attack the Spartans in the flank. But in the 4th century BC, after the Peloponnesian War, another Greek power rose to supremacy for a brief time: Thebes. 56 relations. At Leuctra, an outnumbered force led by Epaminondas (and featuring the famous Pelopidas at the head of the Theban Sacred Band) smashed the Spartan army under King Cleombrotus, making him the first Spartan king to be killed in battle since Leonidas fell at Thermopylae in 480 BC. Not only did it see the destruction of the Spartan dominance of Greece, it also introduced several tactical innovations which are still studied and emulated to this day. The Spartan right was hurled back with a loss of about 1,000 men, of whom 400 were some of Sparta's most experienced soldiers, including King Cleombrotus I. [7] In spite of inferior numbers and the doubtful loyalty of their allies, the Boeotians would offer battle on the plain before the town. Only when a seventh arrived, who sided with Epaminondas, was the decision made. In 371 BC the newly established democracy of Thebes had elected 4 Boeotarchs, the traditional title of the generals of the Boeotian It’s always nice to have a good map to hand when trying to research the intricate details of battles and troop movements. Greece at the start of the fourth century BC was one still reeling from its recent history. [3] During this period, Thebes had an ally in Athens, but Athens was far from happy with the treatment Plataea had received. Thank you for visiting The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps. Because Epaminondas was already outnumbered, he had no choice but to form fewer companies and march them diagonally toward the much longer Spartan line in order to engage as much of it as possible. A map showing the plan of the Battle of Leuctra, 371 B.C. "Here it is: the factual detail, the historiography, revision exercises and advice on how to write HSC responses on Spartan society to the Battle of Leuctra 371 BC." Select Your Cookie Preferences. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. [9], The battle opened with the Spartans' mercenary peltasts (slingers, javeliniers, and/or skirmishers) attacking and driving back the Boeotian camp followers and others who were reluctant to fight. Location maps: Google maps Battle plans: Ian Joseph, after map accessed on cdn.preterhuman.net (Leuctra) and Wikipedia (Gaugamela) Featured image: Margrippa (photo): Alexander Mosaic, Creative Commons CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. The Battle of Leuctra (or Leuktra) was a battle fought on July 6, 371 BCE, between the Boeotians and other Theban allies and the Spartans along with their allies. [8] Modern scholars' estimates have varied from 6,000 to 9,000 for the Boeotian force. See Map 2. Hanson and Kagan's argument is therefore that the tactic was more dilatory than anything else. Otherwise he would not have enough forces to defend Sparta proper later. [3] When it came to swearing an oath to respect the treaty, Sparta swore on behalf of itself and its allies. [10] There followed a cavalry engagement, in which the Thebans drove their enemies off the field. They also used their cavalry there (Epaminondas taught this cavalry attack manouver to Philip of Macedon and was used by his son Alexander the Great on many occasions). Later a seventh Boeotarch (Boeotian commander) arrived and sided with Epaminondas. A map of the area around the battle positions. The Theban allies in the shallower and weaker center and right wing columns were drawn up so that they were progressively further to the right and rear of the proceeding column, in the so-called Echelon formation. Leuctra is an interesting to re-fight as the weaker side won the original battle through the use of innovative tactics. Theban and Spartan (allied) cavalry met in the field. Further, Philip II of Macedon, who studied and lived in Thebes, was no doubt heavily influenced by the battle to develop his own, highly effective approach to tactics and armament. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. His shallower and weaker center and right wing columns were drawn up so that they were progressively further to the right and rear of the proceeding column, in an Echelon formation. A map showing ancient Greece at the time of Theban hegemony, 371 BCE to 362 BCE. Instead of the eight column deep formation most Greeks used the Thebans used a fifty-deep column of Theban infantry on his left wing. Plutarch does indeed describe Pelopidas leading the Band and catching the Spartans in disorder, but there is nothing in his account that conveys anything other than the Sacred Band being the head of the column, and the Spartans were disordered not because they were taken in the flank but because they were caught in mid-maneuver, extending their line. By contrast, the shakiest and/or least influential troops were often placed on the left wing. Philip's victories against the Illyrians and at Chaeronea and Alexander's triumphs at the Granicus, Issus, Gaugamela, and the Hydaspes owe credit to the tactical maneuver used to vanquish the Spartans. The field of Leuctra by Grundy, G. B. The Spartans' twelve-deep formation on their right wing could not sustain the heavy impact of their opponents' 50-deep column. The best among them was Epaminondas and he was in favor of battle. In 371 BC, the newly established democracy of Thebes had elected four Boeotarchs, the traditional title of the generals of the Boeotian League, and so proclaimed their intention of reconstituting the aforementioned league that Sparta had disbanded. The Theban center and right were held back, screened by skirmishers and cavalry. This was the only time from the Battle of Leuctra until his death that he did not serve as Boeotarch. In a single afternoon, what the ancient Greeks of the early 4 th century BC had come to understand as their world order was swept way. A surprise invation by the Spartans left the six Boeotian generals present at the field divided as to whether to offer battle or not. [6] Hence, the other Spartan king, Cleombrotus I, marched to war from Phocis. Rather than take the expected easier route into Boeotia through the usual defile, the Spartans marched over the hills via Thisbae and took the fortress of Creusis (along with twelve Theban warships) before the Thebans were aware of their presence, and then proceeded to Leuctra where they were confronted by the Boeotian army. The Battle of Leuctra (Λεῦκτρα, Leûktra) was a battle fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by Thebans and the Spartans along with their allies amidst the post-Corinthian War conflict. According to Spartan law those who retreated in battle were severely punished. Battle of Delium. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. Pylos/Sphacteria: site of a small but important battle during the Peloponnesian War (431-404), during which the Athenian general Demosthenes and the statesman Cleon captured 292 Spartan soldiers, including 120 elite Spartiates (425 BCE).

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